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buy custom Oil essay The price of oil in the 1960s and early 1970s was very low and relatively stable at about $0.015 per liter. However, this price started rising sharply from 1973 ($0.08 per liter). This price stabilized for around five years. It rose again sharply peaking in 1980 at around $0.23 per liter (Figure 2). The price of oil began to fall steadily from this peak for about five years before falling sharply in 1986 to around $0.09 per liter. For the next fourteen years, the price remained relatively low and stable, fluctuating between $0.08-0.14. The price again started to rise from the year 2000 (around$0.18) surpassing the $0.23 mark in 2004. It rose steadily until for four years before rising sharply in 2008, peaking at around $0.62 per liter. It again fell sharply the next year to about $0.39 per liter. The price of oil in 2010 was around $0.5 per liter. The rise in 2008 was distinct because, in just one year, the rise in oil price was the sharpest since the 1960s and it was the highest ever price. The rise in petrol was more than it had in the past seven years (AA, 2007; 2008). The rise in oil prices can be attributed to the normal phenomenon where prices tend to rise over time due to inflation, especially as the value of currencies fall. The demand for oil has been increasing due to many factors. For example, the average incomes of the peoples have been rising over the years (Scheuble, 2011). Hence, the people travel more, consume more products, buy more electrical appliances, use air conditioners, install heaters in their homes and other stuff that use oil. Therefore, they tend to demand for more oil. Additionally, there are not many adequate substitutes for oil in the market today. Yes, the price of oil has been increasing, but also the price of substitutes like natural gas has also been rising (Trading Economics). People find no alternatives hence they just have to use more oil. The price of oil has been rising but the price of oil complementary products has been falling. For example, there are many energy efficient cars being brought into the market which tend to be cheaper, hence many people buy them. Therefore, the demand for petrol, hence oil increases. Lastly, the advancing technology in the world today has made possible the efficient and economic use of oil (BP, 2011). This is effect makes people to use more oil increasing its demand even more. How the Increase in Oil Price Affects Demand How the quantity of oil demanded reacts to the changes in the price of oil (sensitivity) is estimated using its own price elasticity of demand for oil. This is measured as a fraction of the percentage change in the quantity of oil demanded to the percentage change in the price of oil with the assumption that this demand will only be affected by the change in price (Mind Tools). By applying the law of demand and supply, the own price elasticity of demand of oil is always negative. A relatively high price elasticity demand in the short term means that the increase in oil will not affect the quantity demanded very much, in the short term. However, the change in quantity demanded will be significant in the long term if the situation is maintained (Drum, 2011). For example, the price elasticity of demand for the UK is about -0.08% in the short term and -0.64% in the long term (Gateley Huntington, 2002, p.51). If, lets assume, the price of oil rose by even 50%, the demand will fall by 4% in the short term but by 32% in the long term. This supports the fact that a relatively high price elasticity will be felt more in the long term. Effect of Price on Demand When the price of oil increases considerably, people are forced to find alternative sources of energy such as natural gas, coal, wind power and solar energy. People will also be forced to do more walking, cycling, use public transport or make use of bio-fuels. However, such a switch will need time to take effect as new power stations and windmills will have to be built first. Installation of solar energy power stations will also need time. Therefore, the change (negative) demand for oil will not be felt in the short term but on the long term once all these alternatives are put in place. If the income levels remained the same yet the oil price increased, the demand for oil will diminish as people wil deem too expensive and take up a big portion of their income(). As a result, they will be forced to take cost cutting measures like reducing their travels and lowering thermostats in winter. This will reduce the demand for oil. Additionally, when the price of oil increases, people can switch to more efficient means of using oil like fuel efficient cars, insulation in their places of work and homes which will in turn reduce their usage, hence demand, for oil. Such measures will affect the demand for oil in the long term. Production Trends of Oil The production of oil has been rising steadily over the years. The total production of oil has largely been contributed by both the OPEC block of countries and those that are not members. In the mid 1960s, the total oil production was about 1600 million tonnes. There was a steady increase in the total production until about 1973 where it stabilized at about 2800 million tonnes. There was a slight decrease in production, reaching about 2650 million tonnes in 1975. The production then picked up for the next four years, reaching around 3200 million tonnes in 1979. For about the next three years, the total production went down steadily reaching around 2700 million tons in 1982. The total production remained relatively stable for about three years. Ever since 1986, the total world production has been increasing steadily over the years. By the year 2000, total production had exceeded 3500 million tons. However, the production has somewhat stabilized at about 3900 million tons from the year 2004 to date. Relationship between oil price and production The total production was lowest in 1965, this also happened to be the lowest price of oil. However, the total oil production increased in the increased steadily for about eight years. On the contrary, the price of oil remained relatively low and stable during the same period. This was not to be in around 1973, when the prices shot up sharply. This was also the time that the total world production remained stable and even decreased. This can be attributed to the decreased production of the OPEC block of countries. The price of oil remained stable for about five years. During this time, the total production had also picked up and was steadily increasing. This scenario was not to be in late 1970s when the price again rose sharply, peaking in 1980. At this period, the production was steady in its increase. However, at around 1980, the total production started to decrease steadily for about four years. Again, this decrease was caused by the reduced production of OPEC countries. The price also fell steadily although it fell sharply from 1984-1985. From then on, it fluctuated, but not wide margin changes although it decreased generally from the year 1990 reaching a relatively low, less than $0.02 per liter (1960 prices). It rose sharply in 2000 before rising steadily for seven years. The price of oil rose sharply in 2008, its highest ever before it fell down the next year, again sharply. It rose in 2010. However, while the price has been fluctuating since the mid 1980s, the total oil production was increasing steadily until around 2004 where it has quite stabilized. From the description of the relationship between oil production and the corresponding prices over the years, theres no clear pattern between the two as expected and as defined by the law of demand and supply (Ramcharan, 2002). This may be due to the expected oil prices in the future. In general, it is expected that the prices will be high in the future. These expectations make the oil producing countries reluctant to exploit their reserves at the moment as theres greater incentive in producing in the future. Therefore, current prices wont affect this resolve. Secondly, the cost of oil production is a limiting factor. The fixed cost in exploiting and producing oil is expensive, but the there are many constraints in varying the production on the short term once the pumping from the field has started. Additionally, expansion of this exploration becomes more expensive and limited due to increasingly smaller oil fields. These two factors make the production of oil relatively steady and qu ite unresponsive to current price. Most oil producing countries are politically unstable. These regular bouts of fighting affects the oil production in the countries hence the total production. TTherefore, the price changes wont affect the production that much. The fear of depletion of the oil reserves has also affected the production more than the price (Hubbert, 1956). Speculation of oil by countries where either a country can buy and store oil expecting future price increase or buying oil future so that the country is guaranteed oil in the future also has affected current production of oil (Lombardi and Robays, 2011). In all these cases, the price plays a limited role in the total production of oil. Why the price of Oil was so high in 2008 The price of oil was at its peak in 2008. This was partly due to the weak US dollar at the time. This is because most oil transactions are done in dollars hence the oil producers will peg their respective currencies to the dollar. Therefore, when the dollar weakens, their revenues decline but costs increase. To offset this imbalance, the OPEC countries raised their prices to preserve their profit margins (Amadeo, 2011). The year 2008 was also the year the US and the world experienced an economic crisis due to falling stocks and a declining real estate industry. As a result, most investors, fearing the worst, ditched the stock markets and instead bought oil futures which created a speculative bubble. The consequence of this was an unprecedented surge in the oil prices (Amadeo, 2011). Another factor that contributed to the surge in prices was the instability in Nigeria and Venezuela, which is the ninth largest oil producer in the world (Tristam, 2011). Additionally, there was a real threat of a US/Israeli attack on Iran (Roberts, 2008). These two factors increased the demand for oil as countries built their stocks, fearing disruption. This sudden increase in demand caused the sharp of oil prices. Why the Price of Oil Fell after July 2008 The escalating oil prices were felt in almost all sectors of the economy. However, the scenario was arrested quickly. The main factor in the fall of the prices was Saudi Arabias well timed increase in its production. As a result, there was more oil fuel pumped into the market which helped to reduce the price (Amadeo, 2011). The recession in 2008 hit the worlds largest economies; The USA and Europe very hard. The economic crisis showed no signs of slowing down (Leigh). Therefore, many of the people in these countries were wary of their spending. The weakening of the dollar also reduced the purchasing power of many Americans (Goldman, 2008). Many took cost cutting measures like driving less. All these factors led to a low demand for oil. This in effect contributed to the falling of the oil prices. Will the Price of Oil Remain High? The price of fuel has been relatively high ever since the brief drop in mid June 2008 to early 2009. It has remained high ever since and this scenario will continue to be (Rhodes). This is because political instabilities still persist in the major producers, especially in the Middle East where terrorist activities are still rife. Iraq is not yet peaceful since it was invaded by The USA. The Iran-US relations have yet to cool down and the threat of attacks and counter attacks are still real. The situation in Nigeria has yet to be solved. One of the major oil producers, Libya is going through political turmoil. All these suggest that oil production will continue to be hampered in the near future (Leigh). Therefore, the price will be high unless theres relative peace in these countries. Although the demand for oil dropped in 2008, it was mainly due to the recession at the time. Once the economies pick up, people will be more liberalized in their spending hence the demand for oil will continue to be high. This simply means that the price will continue to be high. The production of oil is largely influenced by OPEC. This block always tends to influence the prices of oil so that its countries generate more revenues. This means that as long as this trend continues, the prices will be high. Technology has been advancing in terms of fuel production. However, the world is yet to witness an adequate substitute for oil that will make it decrease its reliance on oil as its primary fuel. Therefore, until and when such an alternative is found, the price of oil will just continue to be high. Buy custom Oil essay

Course Work Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Course Work - Coursework Example Secondly, the entire summary has so many citation errors. For instance, Purdy v United Kingdom (2010) AC 45 was used instead of (on the application of Purdy) v DPP [2009] UKHL 45 [2010] AC 345. Moreover, the term article in law is supposed to be written with a capital letter. However, the summary had most of its â€Å"Articles† written in small letters. For instance, article 8 instead of Article8. Furthermore, there are interchanged words or rather statements in the text. For example, â€Å"judge Lord† is used severally in the entire summary. This is supposed to be written as â€Å"Lord Judge†; an acceptable statement. The entire summary is full of misused and confused tenses. For instance, â€Å"If you provided a defence to those who assisted someone to kill themselves then you would have to apply it to euthanasia as well as assisted suicide.† To correct this statement, one should focus on the use of words and the tenses that come along with them. Thus, t he statement should be written as â€Å"If you provide a defense to those who assisted someone to kill him or herself, then you should consider it euthanasia and assisted suicide.† The statement â€Å"European Court of human rights† is not written appropriately. It should be written as â€Å"European Court of Human Rights,† in line with the rules of law as well as grammar requirements. This text is full of grammar errors, this is just bet an example or rather a representation of the errors. Lastly, a year was not provided in a citation â€Å"Gross v Switserland and Purdy.† It should be written or rather cited as follows: Gross v Switzerland (A/30)(1979). Summary of R V Nicholson (2013) This case was brought by Nicholson together with other individuals to the Court of Appeal after the European court of Justice ruled against assisted suicide and euthanasia of which they were never satisfied with. The applicants were disadvantaged since they could not kill t hemselves. Thus, they proposed that others should kill them. However, Section 2 of the Suicide Act 2010 states that it is unlawful for persons to assist others to commit suicide and whoever assists will be charged with murder. Similarly, the FPP had provided guidance on how and when the murder assisters should be prosecuted. This advice came immediately after the case of Purdy v United Kingdom (2010). Therefore, the Court had to decide as to whether there is a defense to murder that is referred to as a necessity or not. In addition, the Court had to decide whether a cover for such cases is an interference with the Article 8 of the Human Rights Act 1950 or not. This Act protects privacy of people. Lastly, the Court had to decide if the DPP is supposed to set out greater details as to how he would decide his discretion in prosecution cases of the kind. In this case, the European Court of Human Rights, in absence of the Lord Judge, declined to give a declaration that was requested for since it was not the responsibility of the Courts of Law to make decisions about this. Parliament is the only body with the powers to make such decisions. The issue was extremely controversial for the courts to deliver their rulings thus it was not a necessity. The court used the case of Bland to support their decision. Moreover, the court stated that the right to life is a fundamental according to the common law, under the European Act. There being no right to commit suicide, one will be prosecuted if he or she tries to. Furthermore, if you provide a substantial

Home as the centre of Judaism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Home as the centre of Judaism - Essay Example The two movement that will be considered as a show of the various precincts through which the home is a centre of Judaism is the conservative and reformist movements of Judaism. Conservative Jews believe in the core values of its rituals and roles as the practice of what one believes in the daily practices. Reform Judaism believes that the written and oral laws are because of human intervention and the time of its giving as regards the Torah. In both the conservative and reformists, the core value is on the language, Hebrew as the reflection of the beliefs of Judaism and their cultures. It is what holds all Jews together is the language used as a family; hence, forming the first way where a home is a basis for Judaism (Neusner, 1994).  Ã‚  Ã‚     Largely, the home has become the centre of Judaism owing to the various roles, rituals, and practices that are practiced and observed at the home by family members. These rituals and practices are diverse as presented in the following pa rts of this essay. Judaism has been centered at home owing to the rules of dressing by Jews that occur within the family unit. The Halacha forms the basis for the generation of community customs and modesty that determine the dressing code for the Jewish women (Hoffman, 2008). The Halacha gives a number of guidelines for a Jewish woman’s dressing with the sleeves having to be at least below the elbow while the dresses and blouses must have necklines that do not show any cleavage. Skirts won by the women must be high enough. to ensure that when seated the knees are not exposed. Skirts are mainly worn by women in all occasions but there are exceptional instances where they are allowed to be in pants. These instances include agricultural activities where the wearing of the dress would lead to inefficiency in the performance of the various duties. At other times, they have to have to wear their skirts. However, the conservationists Jews are the ones who strictly follow the guidel ines in the Halacha while the Reform Judaism movement does give the adherent’s freedom to choose which rituals to follow. The conservationist movement is very clear in its statement of the superiority of men over women in the home set up. This is also shown by the segregation of women and men at the synagogue during worship and in leading rituals and other religious practices. This is however different in reformist movement where there is acceptance of the universal equality of men and women in all religious rituals, study and the observance of the rules.

Drug offenders sdmitted to prison Essay Example for Free

Drug offenders sdmitted to prison Essay The single greatest force behind the growth of the U. S. prison system since the mid-1980s has been the national war on drugs. 45 Spearheaded by major federal drug policy initiatives that significantly increased penalties for drug offenses and markedly increased federal funds for state anti-drug efforts, federal and state measures to combat drugs have concentrated on criminal law enforcement rather than prevention and treatment. 46 An estimated 400,000 people almost one-quarter of the total incarcerated population in the U. S. are confined in local jails and state and federal prisons on drug charges. 47 Citing the extraordinary number of drug offenders in U. S. prisons, General Barry McCaffrey, has decried the creation of what he termed a drug gulag. 48 Policies adopted to battle the use and sale of drugs have led to marked increases in arrest rates, in the likelihood of going to prison, and in the length of sentences for drug offenders. Between 1980 and 1997, the number of annual drug arrests tripled to a high of 1,584,000. 49 The rate of drug arrests per 100,000 residents rose from 288 to 661. 50 The rate of commitment to state prison per drug arrest quintupled between 1980 and 1990, rising from 19 prison commitments per 1,000 arrests to 103 per 1,000. 51 The estimated time served by drug offenders in state prisons increased a full year between 1987 and 1996; federal drug sentences doubled. 52 As of 1997, there were an estimated 285,009 men and women in state and federal prisons on drug charges, a twelvefold increase since 1980. 53 Relative to the adult population, the rate of incarceration of drug offenders hasincreased almost tenfold, rising from less than 15 inmates per 100,000 adults to 148 per 100,000. 54 In 1980, drug offenders comprised only six percent of state prison populations. By 1998, they constituted 21 percent. In federal prisons, drug offenders now comprise 59 percent of all inmates, whereas they represented only a quarter of federal inmates in 1980. 55 Drug Offenders Admitted to Prison Between 1980 and 1998, the number of new admissions of drug offenders to state and federal prison soared, exceeding 1. 5 million in total (Figure 5). In recent years, about one hundred thousand drug offenders have been admitted to prison annually. Nationwide, 31 percent of all admissions to state prison in 1996 were drug offenders. Among the states, the proportion of drug offenders varied between a low of 10 percent in Maine to a high of 46. 6 percent in New Jersey and 44. 7 percent in New York (Figure 6). In three quarters of the states, more than one in five persons sent to prison was convicted of a drug offense. In contrast, violent offenders accounted nationwide for only 26. 8 percent of new state prison admissions. Rate of Admission of Drug Offenders There is a remarkable range in the extent to which states subject their populations to incarceration on drug charges (Table 8). The rates of admission of drug offenders to prison per 100,000 adult residents vary from a low of 6 per 100,000 in Maine to a high of 91 in California. The ten states that have the highest rates of drug offender admissions relative to population are: California, Illinois, Louisiana, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Washington. Nationwide, drug offenders are sent to prison at a rate, relative to population, that is 13 percent higher than the rate for violent offenders (Table 9). In one half of the states reporting to NCRP, the admission rates for drug offenders exceed those for persons convicted of violent crimes. Six states Arkansas, California, Illinois, New Jersey, New York, and Virginia send drug offenders to prison at rates that range from 50 to 100 percent higher than the rates for violent offenders. Drug Offending and Prison Admissions The broad range in admission rates for drug offenders across the country cannot be ascribed simply to variations in drug use and sales in different states. Table 10, covering twenty six states, presents federal estimates of the percentage of the population over 12 in those states who were current illicit drug users in 1991-1993. 56 Although some drug users may cross state lines to purchase drugs, we assume that relative rates of drug use in each state also roughly reflect relative amounts of drug sale activity. Comparing drug use rates with calculations of the rate relative to population at which drug offenders in those states were sent to prison reveals the lack of a consistent correlation between drug offending and the imprisonment of drug offenders. First, the percentage of the population that used drugs varied among states from 4. 1 to 8. 2 percent, compared to a range in drug offender admission rates that extended from 8 to 91. Second, the states with higher rates of drug use were not necessarily the states with higher drug offender admission rates. Oregon, for example, had the third highest percentage of drug use, yet it had one of the lowest rates of drug admissions. In contrast, California had both the highest rate of drug use and the highest rate of drug offender admissions. Third, lower drug use did not necessarily correlate with low drug offender admissions rates. The percentage of Illinois population that used drugs was quite low, yet the statehad the second highest rate of drug offender admissions. Similarly, Louisiana had a relatively low rate of drug use yet it had one of the highest rates of drug admissions. Obviously, no definitive conclusions can be drawn from a comparison of these two rather crude sets of figures. Nevertheless, the data suggest the explanation for the different rates at which people are sent to prison for drug offenses must lie in different penal policies and priorities among the states, including different law enforcement resources and strategies, prosecutorial charging preferences, and sentencing laws, as well as structural and demographic factors, e. g. , degrees of urbanization, rather than rates of drug offending. Drugs Involved In Offense The NCRP data does not permit reliable calculations about the extent to which different hard drugs (e. g. , cocaine, amphetamines, heroin) were involved in drug offenses. The data is somewhat better with regard to the identification of marijuana offenses, which were identified as the drug involved in 4. 3 percent of all drug admissions. 57 In nine states marijuana offenses accounted for more than ten percent of drug admissions: Alabama (16. 09), Iowa (17. 22), Kentucky (12. 4), Mississippi (14. 50), New Hampshire (28. 83), North Dakota (43. 02), South Carolina (11. 25), South Dakota (18. 3), and West Virginia (20. 63) (Table 11). Type of Drug Conduct People are sent to prison for both drug possession and sales-related conduct. In 1996, the simple possession of drugs (excluding possession with intent to sell) was the most serious conviction offense for 28 percent of all drug offenders admitted to state prison (Table 12). Fifty-six percent of drug offender admissions were for drug sales, and the rest for other drug-related offenses (e. g. , fraudulent prescriptions and unlawful possession of syringes). In nine states (Alabama, Colorado, Georgia, Minnesota, Mississippi, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, and Virginia) more than 50 percent of drug offenders sent to prison were convicted of simple possession.

Essay --

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a disorder that affects people who have witnessed/experienced a traumatic or terrifying event that causes intense mental issues. PTSD is usually found in war veterans, rape victims, or murder witnesses. Anyone who suffers from PTSD has a large option of treatments to choose from. About 3.6% of adult Americans (5.2 million people) suffer from PTSD. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is a mental disorder in which people who have had a traumatic experience that mentally scars them, the symptoms of PTSD usually can cause intense situations in everyday life, but the victims have a whole lot of treatments they can choose from. 3.6% of adults in America suffer from PTSD in 1 year and 7.8 million Americans will or have experienced PTSD in their life. Women run a higher risk of developing PTSD more than men because they are victimized more then men in domestic violence, abuse, and rape. If PTSD symptoms are diagnosed, a doctor will evaluate medical history and conduct a physical exam. The doctor might also test for common symptoms of physical illnesses. If no physical illnesses are found, they may refer you to a psychiatrist or psychologist. Psychiatrists and psychologists use specially trained to interview and assess tools to evaluate a patient for an anxiety disorder. The doctor bases their diagnosis of PTSD on any reported problems with functioning caused by the symptoms. The doctor then determines if the symptoms and degree of dysfunction indicates PTSD. The diagnosis of PTSD is determined if the person’s symptoms have lasted more than one month. Everyone that has Witnesses a traumatic event reacts differently. Each person is unique in their ability to manage fear and stress and cope with the threa... ...and emotional conflicts caused by the traumatic event. Family therapy is useful because the behavior of the PTSD victim can have an effect on the other members of their family, so getting the family together to help cope with the PTSD. Group therapy helps by allowing the victim to share thoughts and feelings with other people who have also experienced and had PTSD. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing is a complex form of psychotherapy alleviates distress linked with traumatic memories but also treats phobias. PTSD is a mental disorder in which a victim can become hostile in everyday situations but they have many treatments that can help them with their disorder. Ms. Nordin is an English teacher. Treatments for PTSD can include medicine or psychology. PTSD mostly occurs in war veterans. PTSD is no laughing matter and should be treated as soon as possible.

Application of Clinical Psychology

Application of Clinical Psychology Jennifer Simpson Psy-480 March 4, 2013 Application of Clinical Psychology Introduction Winona Ryder is famous for more than the movies that she starred in over the years. News reporters gathered to gain more information in regards to this famous actress gone astray. In 2001 Ryder made the news for something that was not entertaining but gained quite a bit of public knowledge. The actual incident was only part of the information that the public was curious about.The treatment and the reasoning for the off behavior were desired in order to better understand the issue that had haunted Ryder. Ryder is known as a kleptomaniac and her struggle became public after she was arrested for the theft of thousands of dollars in merchandise from Saks Fifth Avenue. Brief Overview: Wynona Ryder Arrested in 2001 and charged with grand theft and burglary, Winona Ryder reportedly has had previous shoplifting accounts as well (Meyer, Chapman, & Weaver, 2009). Her tumult uous childhood experiences (bullied for her appearance) accompanied with hippie-like parents caused Winona tremendous unease.According to Meyer, Chapman, and Weaver (2009); â€Å"Eventually, her parents removed her from public school and home schooled her until she graduated† (p. 239). After moving to Petaluma, California, at age 10, Winona â€Å"enrolled in acting classes at the American Conservatory Theater† (Lee, 2011, para 2). Winona’s extreme childhood experiences may have led her to develop interpersonally generated anxiety (Meyer, Chapman, & Weaver, 2009). As an adult, she experiences occasional panic attacks, insomnia, physical exhaustion, and stress from negative media attention. Read also Memory – ForgettingThese cumulative issues accompanied with her relationship break with Johnny Depp caused her to check herself into a psychiatric clinic for treatment. Because of her psychological distress, her psychiatrist prescribed her sleeping pills. Winona allegedly became reliant on pain medication as well (Meyer, Chapman, & Weaver, 2009). Kleptomania often accompanies other psychological disorders, including anxiety, irrational impulse control, and depression (Labi & McDowell, 2002). Winona could easily afford to purchase everything she stole.According to Labi and McDowell (2002); â€Å"Experts today are more inclined to compare recreational larceny to thrill-seeking behaviors like bungee jumping or to addictions like drug abuse or compulsive gambling† (para 4). Stealing behaviors and the (pleasure) rush associated with getting-away-with-it often become addictive. In addition, the stealing behavior often becomes a reward that some individuals believe t hey deserve (Labi & McDowell, 2002). Biological, Psychological, and Social Factors: Wynona Ryder/Kleptomania As with many disorders, there are certain factors that play important roles in the development of kleptomania.Studies have shown that although more research is needed to prove biological factors are connected with kleptomania, this impulsive disease has been proven to be more common in females than in males and may be connected to low levels of serotonin in the brain which affect mood and emotion regulation. Psychological factors involved in the case of Wynona Ryder and her kleptomania seem to be more of the key components than any other factors. Stress related instances that occur abruptly and conflicts in relationships both are connected to kleptomania and to Ryder.The multiple moves in her childhood and the negative relationships with the other children in school, along with her failed relationship with Johnny Depp are some examples of what could have aided in the developm ent of the impulsive disorder for Ryder. Her admitted bouts with anxiety and depression are also psychological factors that have been proven to connect with kleptomania since Ryder clearly could pay for the items she stole, it would be fair to say that her actions were more for anti-depressive purposes rather than monetary or usefulness.Substance abuse was discovered in Ryder’s life and has also been proven to be connected to impulsive disorders, especially, but not limited to kleptomania. Other factors that have been connected with kleptomania are social factors such as social phobia, but with Ryder starring in many big deal movies, and some not so big deal, social phobia does not seem to be an issue for her. However, if one goes back to Ryder’s childhood and the bullying she suffered at the hands of her peers during such a vulnerable time in her life, kleptomania ust may be the way that she deals with a fear of social connections or relationships – a way for R yder to cope with the emotional scars she may carry from her childhood. Clinical Psychology Interventions: Kleptomania The therapy offered to the client with Kleptomania is the cognitive-behavioral therapy. The behavioral and substance addictions are similar to Kleptomania. Choosing the cognitive-behavioral therapy comes from a convincing validation of the research into Kleptomania as a behavioral addiction (Grant, 2006).The therapy would attempt to alter the clients’ unwanted behaviors and thoughts through the cognitive restructuring and behavioral therapy to the thoughts and behaviors wanted for the individual. This type of therapy can assist in the replacing of the individual’s impulse to steal with the feelings of relaxation as in the Systematic Desensitization model of the cognitive-behavioral approach. The systematic desensitization therapy that replaces the urge to steal with relaxation feelings could also assist in treating the client’s symptoms of anxie ty (Grant, 2006). The setting for this intervention is the clinical office of the therapist.This is so that the clients who could be ashamed or embarrassed about their issue can speak openly and freely with the professionals. These meetings should include the client, the therapist, and the professional who prescribes the clients antianxiety and antidepressant medications. Under the circumstances of some disorders that require medication, collaborations between the client and the professionals involved is essential for the clients proper treatment. The areas targeted by this therapy will assist the individual’s maladaptive ways of thinking and problematic behaviors.A cognitive-behavioral approach to the client’s treatment can help to provide the client with new and different coping skills to deal effectively with the impulse to steal, and the anxiety issues of the client. Conclusion Individuals that are affected by kleptomania do not all have the same background or even share the same daily struggles. These individuals walk different paths and struggle with many different types of kleptomania from gambling to stealing. Any one issue that takes away from an individual’s ability to better focus by needing the rush that comes with accomplishing he unnecessary task becomes a sign of kleptomania. Assisting individuals with the proper treatment at an early stage will allow the professionals to help them conquer the problems with which they struggle. These individuals need to be given the proper coping tools to refuse the anxiety and depression that lead them to perform such unwanted tasks. Once a patient has accomplished these coping skills, they will gain self confidence in their daily struggles and know that they can and will succeed. Reference Grant, J. E. (2006). Understanding and Treating Kleptomania: New Models and New Treatments.The Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences, 43(2), 81-87. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com . ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/docview/236926707? Labi, N. , & McDowell, J. (2002). Why Did She Do It?. Time, 160(21), 69. Retrieved from http://web. ebscohost. com. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/ehost Lee, K. (2012). Biography for Winona Ryder. Internet Movie Database (IMDB). Retrieved from http://www. imdb. com/name/nm0000213/bio Meyer, R. G. , Chapman, L. K. , & Weaver, C. M. (2009). Case studies in abnormal behavior (8th ed. ). Boston, MA: Pearson Education/Allyn & Bacon.

African Youth And Moral Panics Essay - 1062 Words

African youth and Moral Panics African youth crime and the portrayal of black youths in the media has generated substantial publicity over the years. In part because statistics show that black youths committed a disproportionate amount of crime, however the media is known to exaggerate news stories by creating moral panics. Moral panic refers to the exaggerated outburst of public concern over the morality and behavior of particular groups in society. African youths in particular are portrayed negatively in the media while the moral panic surrounding African male crime is exaggerated. This led to negative responses by society in regards to Africans since they were labelled as crime perpetuators and muggers (theft). Also, crime maps that display criminal activities within cities showed an increase in the usage of moral panics to depict the world as more dangerous in order to control African youth through police, surveillance, and other punitive measures. Moral panics portrayed black yo uths negatively through their exaggeration of African crime in media, their association with labels of mugging, and their over-representation within crime maps. Moral Panics: The construction of a negative identity As African youth and crime are at the root of moral panics it is necessary to understand why African youth crime is exaggerated and highlighted in mainstream media. In Rethinking ‘Moral Panic’ for Multi-Mediated Social Worlds, Angela McRobbie and Sarah Thornton (1995) explain thatShow MoreRelatedThe representation of youth in a clockwork orange and If....1437 Words   |  6 Pagesrepresentation of youths in ‘A Clockwork Orange’ and ‘If†¦.’ I will be investigating how youth is represented in the films A clockwork orange (1972) and If†¦. (1968) and how the films affected the views of the time and how the films influenced youths. 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